Children of Communism by Sándor Horváth Thomas Cooper

Author:Sándor Horváth, Thomas Cooper [Sándor Horváth, Thomas Cooper]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780253059727
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Indiana University Press
Published: 2022-03-01T00:00:00+00:00

NOTES

1.Tolnai, A Mohikán-galeri, 25.

2.See Fürst, Stalin’s Last Generation, 193.

3.Katz, “What Makes Crime ‘News’?,” 48.

4.Magyar Rendőr, January 11, 1969, 15.

5.On the sources and functions of the creation of the communist police, see Shelley, Policing Soviet Society, 3–15.

6.Lüdtke, “Gemeinwohl”; Lüdtke, Police and State in Prussia, 1815–1850; Jessen, Polizei im Industrierevier; Lindenberger, Straßenpolitik; Lindenberger, Volkspolizei; Gyáni, Az utca és a szalon, 74–85, 96–109.

7.Cf. Bauman, Liquid Modernity, 94.

8.For more on these consumerist politics, see Péteri, “Nylon Curtain”; Bren, Communism Unwrapped.

9.Müller, Politikai rendőrség a Rákosi-korszakban.

10.MNL OL, f. XIX-B-14, Országos Rendőr Főkapitányság (ORFK) [National Police Headquarters], b. 128, Report on the Ministry of Interior, August 26, 1969, 301.

11.MNL OL, f. XIX-B-14, ORFK, b. 464. The gradual introduction of the system of district commissioners began in 1953.

12.BFL, f. XXIV-1-66-d/1, BRFK, 111–002/1974, the situation in the capital from the perspective of public order and public safety, containing a summary of the work of the district commissioners and their dispatch into the city in 1972.

13.On the police and the monitoring of the private lives of members of the police force under socialism, see Pető, Nőhistóriák, 141–61. In 1950, the Budapest police wrote a report regarding “marriage fever” among the policemen and ways in which it potentially could be brought under control (MNL OL, f. XIX-B-14-3, ORFK, b. 446, 1950).

14.Cohn, High Title of a Communist.

15.See Glaeser, Political Epistemics, 320.

16.MNL OL, f. XIX-B-14-3, ORFK, b. 446, 1950,, report on the work of volunteer policemen.

17.BFL, BRFK, f. 56/10 111-026/4-1968.

18.MNL OL, f. XIX-B-14, ORFK, b. 499, 1956.

19.Ibid., 1962, 85/182.

20.Ibid., 50-840-1959, 10.

21.BFL, f. XXIV-1-24-d, BRFK, 43/1947, vice squad.

22.MNL OL, f. XIX-B-14, b. ORFK, 446, no. 3. 1950.

23.Ibid., no. 13. 1951.

24.BFL, f. XXIV-1-71-d, BFRK, 091–12/1958, prostitution in Budapest, September 15, 1958, 9.

25.Majtényi and Majtényi, Contemporary History of Exclusion, 31–62.

26.Beginning in 1962, the National Police Headquarters methodically collected and studied the criminal acts that were considered “characteristic of Gypsy crime and also asked the county police headquarters to submit reports on the subject (MNL OL, f. XIX-B-14, ORFK, b. 583–84). On the use of agents in Roma communities, see MNL OL, f. XIX-B-14, ORFK, b. 122, 1959.

27.For instance, an indication that Roma would have been well represented in state care institutions is that 90 percent of children in state care had parents who had “physical occupations” (almost half of them were unskilled laborers) (Hanák, Társadalom és gyermekvédelem, 54–55, 85–88).

28.Quoted by Dupcsik, A magyarországi cigányok/romák, 143.

29.Majtényi and Majtényi, Contemporary History of Exclusion, 94.

30.Szendrei, Romák a rendészeti, 93.

31.Tauber and Ferencz, “A fiatalkorú cigány,” 101.

32.https://adt.arcanum.com/hu/ (June 1, 2021) Based on the analysis of how often the press mentioned the term Roma crime.

33.For instance, the article “Rendőrkézen a galeri” [A youth gang captured by the police] mentions a boy nicknamed “Cigány” [Gypsy] among the leaders of a youth gang on the outskirts of Budapest (Népszava, December 4, 1962, 1). The novel by Kálmán Tolnai about a fictious youth gang includes a story about a boy nicknamed “Gypsy” who identifies himself as a Roma, not a Gypsy: “I would rather be a Roma than a Gypsy!” (Inkább roma legyek, mint cigány!),

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